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KMG-301AM TFA is the acetoxy methyl esterified form of KMG-301. KMG-301AM TFA successfully accumulates in mitochondria and then it is hydrolyzed to KMG-301. KMG-301 is an Mg 2+-selective fluorescent probe functional in mitochondria in intact cells. Since the mitochondrialmembrane is impermeable to KMG-301, it is not released upon depolarization of the mitochondrialmembrane potential. KMG-301 can indicate changes in mitochondrial Mg2+ concentration and shows Mg 2+ transport across the mitochondrialmembrane in the early phases of a cellular model .
DiSC3(5) is a fluorescent probe commonly used as a tracer dye to evaluate mitochondrialmembrane potential. The excitation/emission wavelength of DiSC3(5) is up to 622/670 nm. DiSC3(5) can inhibit the respiratory system associated with mitochondrial NAD, and the IC50 value is 8 μM. DiSC3(5) in the presence of Na +/K +-ATPase inhibitor ouabain 2 can induce membrane hyperpolarization of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells .
BI-10 is an antifungal compound. BI-10 combined with Fluconazole can inhibit hyphal growth, result in ROS accumulation, and decrease mitochondrialmembrane potential (MMP) as well as altering membrane permeability .
6BrCaQ-C10-TPP is a potent mitochondrial heat shock protein TRAP1 inhibitor, with antiproliferative activity in various human cancer cells (IC50=0.008-0.30 μM). 6BrCaQ-C10-TPP can also induces mitochondrialmembrane disturbance .
KMG-301AM is the acetoxy methyl esterified form of KMG-301. KMG-301AM successfully accumulates in mitochondria and then it is hydrolyzed to KMG-301. KMG-301 is an Mg 2+-selective fluorescent probe functional in mitochondria in intact cells. Since the mitochondrialmembrane is impermeable to KMG-301, it is not released upon depolarization of the mitochondrialmembrane potential. KMG-301 can indicate changes in mitochondrial Mg2+ concentration and shows Mg 2+ transport across the mitochondrialmembrane in the early phases of a cellular model .
Tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA) is a trihydroxylated bile acid. Tauro-β-muricholic acid is a competitive and reversible FXR antagonist (IC50 = 40 μM). Tauro-β-muricholic acid has antiapoptotic effect. Tauro-β-muricholic acid inhibits bile acid-induced hepatocellular apoptosis by maintaining the mitochondrialmembrane potential .
MitoTam bromide, hydrobromide, a Tamoxifen derivative , is an electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitor. MitoTam bromide, hydrobromide reduces mitochondrialmembrane potential in senescent cells and affects mitochondrial morphology . MitoTam bromide, hydrobromide is an effective anticancer agent, suppresses respiratory complexes (CI-respiration) and disrupts respiratory supercomplexes (SCs) formation in breast cancer cells .
Me4Phen (compound 3) is an oxygen rhenium (V) complex that depletes mitochondrialmembrane potential and upregulates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated necrosis of cancer cells. Me4Phen is highly lipophilic and effectively overcomes Cisplatin (HY-17394) resistance in a variety of cancer cells .
MitoTam iodide, hydriodide is a Tamoxifen derivative , an electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitor, spreduces mitochondrialmembrane potential in senescent cells and affects mitochondrial morphology .
MitoTam iodide, hydriodide is an effective anticancer agent, suppresses respiratory complexes (CI-respiration) and disrupts respiratory supercomplexes (SCs) formation in breast cancer cells . MitoTam iodide, hydriodide causes apoptosis .
BI-6C9 is a highly specific BH3 interacting domain (Bid) inhibitor, which prevents mitochondrial outer membrane potential (MOMP) and mitochondrial fission, and protects the cells from mitochondrial apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) release and caspase-independent cell death in neurons .
Anticancer agent 83 is a potent anticancer agent, inhibits LOX IMVI cells growth with a GI50 value of 0.15 mM. Anticancer agent 83 reduces mitochondrialmembrane potential and induces DNA damage to induces leukemia cells apoptosis .
MSN-125 is a potent Bax and Bak oligomerization inhibitor. MSN-125 prevents mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) with an IC50 of 4 μM. MSN-125 potently inhibits Bax/Bak-mediated apoptosis in HCT-116, BMK Cells, and primary cortical neurons, protects primary neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity .
Antiproliferative agent-4 (compound 2y) has excellent anti-proliferative activity against certain cancer cell lines. Antiproliferative agent-4 reduces the mitochondrialmembrane potential, and increases the apoptosis rate and the level of ROS on EC109. Antiproliferative agent-4 inhibits tumour growth in nude mice, with low toxicity .
Didocosahexaenoin, an omega-3 derivative, is a diglyceride of DHA and can be synthesised from DHA triglycerides. Didocosahexaenoin causes significant loss of mitochondrialmembrane potential and induces ROS production. Didocosahexaenoin induces apoptosis. Didocosahexaenoin induces stronger cytotoxicity than DHA in human prostate carcinoma cells .
Anticancer agent 39 (compound B12), a fluorescent derivative of Jiyuan Oridonin A (JOA), induces the collapse of mitochondrialmembrane potential (MMP)and thus induced apoptosis.Anticancer agent 39 inhibits cell cloning and migration.Anticancer agent 39 exhibits promising anti-proliferative activity against HGC-27 cells with IC50 value of 0.39 μM .
Anticancer agent 59 (compound 11) has inhibitory activity against kinds of cancer cell lines, especially in A549 with IC50 of 0.2 μM. Anticancer agent 59 induces apoptosis and an increase of Ca 2+ and ROS in cancer cells. Anticancer agent 59 significantly decreases mitochondrialmembrane potential. Anticancer agent 59 can suppress tumor growth in A549 mouse xenograft model .
DD1, a proteasome inhibitor, targets Bax activation and P70S6K degradation during acute myeloid leukemia (AML) apoptosis. DD1 induces apoptosis in the caspase-dependent manner. DD1 induces mitochondrialmembrane depolarization and Bad dephosphorylation .
2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid, an inflammatory lipid mediator, interferes with protein palmitoylation,induces ER-stress markers, reduced the ER ATP content, and activates transcription and secretion of IL-6 as well as IL-8.2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid disrupts the mitochondrialmembrane potential and induces procaspase-3 and PARP cleavage.2-Chlorohexadecanoic acid can across blood-brain barrier (BBB) and compromises ER- and mitochondrial functions in the human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 .
NecroIr1 is an iridium(III) complex, serves as necroptosis inducers in Cisplatin (HY-17394)-resistant lung cancer cells (A549R). NecroIr1 selectively accumulates in mitochondria, leading to oxidative stress and loss of mitochondrialmembrane potential (MMP). NecroIr1 activates receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3) and Mixed Lineage Kinase (MLKL), and regulates CDK4 expression .
Anticancer agent 58 (compound 16) has inhibitory activity against kinds of cancer cell lines, especially in A549 and T24 with IC50s of 0.6 μM and 0.7 μM, respectively. Anticancer agent 58 induces apoptosis by activating caspase 3/8/9 activity, and induces an increase of Ca 2+ and ROS in cancer cells. Anticancer agent 58 significantly decreases mitochondrialmembrane potential. Anticancer agent 58 can suppress tumor growth in T24 mouse xenograft model .
PI3Kα-IN-14 (compound F8) is a selective PI3Kα inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.14 nM. PI3Kα-IN-14 induces a great decrease in mitochondrialmembrane which caused cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and apoptosis in U87-MG cells. PI3Kα-IN-14 shows significant anti-proliferative activities against three tumor-derived cell lines (PC-3: IC50 of 0.28 μM; HCT-116: IC50 of 0.57 μM; and U87-MG: IC50 of 1.37 μM) .
NecroIr2 is an iridium(III) complex, serves as necroptosis inducers in Cisplatin (HY-17394)-resistant lung cancer cells (A549R). NecroIr2 selectively accumulates in mitochondria, leading to oxidative stress and loss of mitochondrialmembrane potential (MMP). NecroIr2 activates receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL), and regulates CDK4 expression .
Pipernonaline is a piperine derivative with antiprostate cancer activity. Pipernonaline inhibits the proliferation of androgen-dependent/independent LNCaP/PC-3 prostate cells. Pipernonaline activates caspase-3 and promotes procaspase-3/PARP cleavage. Pipernonaline also mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increased intracellular Ca(2+), and mitochondrialmembrane depolarization .
TRAP1-IN-2 (compound 36) is a selective TRAP1 client protein degrader, while TRAP1-IN-2 is useless for Hsp90-cytosolic clients. TRAP1-IN-2 also inhibits OXPHOS, alters cellular metabolism towards glycolysis. TRAP1-IN-2 disrupts TRAP1 tetramer stability, and disrupts the mitochondrialmembrane potential .
POPSO is a zwitterionic buffer, increases osmolality and shows marked inhibition of anion uniport. POPSO inhibits chloride uniport with an IC50 value of 24 mM. POPSO enhances copper uptake and toxicity in alga, impairs mitochondrial inner membrane. The working pH range of POPSO sesquisodium salt is 7.2-8.5 .
Mito-Tracker Green is a green fluorescent dye that selectively accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. MitoTracker Green FM covalently binds mitochondrial proteins by reacting with free mercaptan of cysteine residues, allowing staining of mitochondrialmembrane potential independent of membrane potential. Excitation/emission wavelength 490/523 nm.
Pezadeftide is a potent antifungal peptide. Pezadeftide can enter fungal cells and cause a rapid mitochondrial response that results in hyperpolarization of the mitochondrialmembrane .
MitoTracker Deep Red FM fluorescent dye that selectively accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. MitoTracker Deep Red FM covalently binds mitochondrial proteins by reacting with free mercaptan of cysteine residues, allowing staining of mitochondrialmembrane potential independent of membrane potential. Excitation/emission wavelength 644/665 nm . Storage: Keep away from light.
TSPO ligand-1 is the ligand of AUTAC4 (HY-134640) that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs. TSPO ligand-1 is a mitochondrial outer membrane transmembrane structural domain protein can bind to AUTAC4 and regulate mitochondrialautophagy to promote targeted mitochondrial renewal. TSPO ligand-1 is also involved in the transport of cholesterol from the outer to inner mitochondrialmembrane and serves as a sensitive biomarker of brain injury and neurodegeneration .
Mitochondrial respiration-IN-3 is the fluorine derivative of Dalfopristin (HY-A0241). Mitochondrial respiration-IN-3 has cell membrane-permeable. Mitochondrial respiration-IN-3 can inhibit mitochondrial translation of glioblastoma stem cells. Mitochondrial respiration-IN-3 can be used in research of cancer .
Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt is a bile salt-related anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrialmembrane proteins. Taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) inhibits various inflammatory responses
.
Bongkrekic acid is a mitochondrial toxin secreted by the bacteria Pseudomonas cocovenenans . Bongkrekic acid specific ligand for mitochondrialadenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) rather than the electron transport chain. Bongkrekic acid has to cross the mitochondrial inner membrane to produce its inhibitory effect on ADP/ATP transport .
Atractyloside potassium salt is a toxic diterpenoid glycoside that can be isolated from the fruits of Xanthium sibiricum. Atractyloside potassium salt is a powerful and specific inhibitor of mitochondrialADP/ATP transport. Atractyloside potassium salt inhibits chloride channels from mitochondrialmembranes of rat heart .
JC-1 (CBIC2) is an ideal fluorescent probe widely used to detect mitochondrialmembrane potential. JC-1 accumulates in mitochondria in a potential dependent manner and can be used to detect the membrane potential of cells, tissues or purified mitochondria. In normal mitochondria, JC-1 aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix to form a polymer, which emits strong red fluorescence (Ex=585nm, Em=590nm); When the mitochondrialmembrane potential is low, JC-1 cannot aggregate in the matrix of mitochondria and produce green fluorescence (ex=514nm, em=529nm) .
MitoTracker Orange CMTMRos is a fluorescent dye that labels mitochondria within live cells utilizing the mitochondrialmembrane potential (Ex/Em: 551/576 nm) .
Miclxin (DS37262926) is a potent inhibitor of mutant β-catenin, involving in Wnt signaling pathway. Miclxin induces β-catenin-dependent apoptosis, leads to severe mitochondrial damage with the loss of mitochondrialmembrane. Miclxin kills tumor via targeting to MIC60, a major components of the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex .
Antifungal agent 92 (Compound 21) is a potent antifungal agent with an EC50 of 4.4 μM against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Antifungal agent 92 can induce abnormal mitochondrial morphology, loss of mitochondrialmembrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Antifungal agent 92 is a moderate promiscuous inhibitor of mitochondrial complexes II and III .
Bongkrekic acid-13C28 is the C13 labeled Bongkrekic acid. Bongkrekic acid is a mitochondrial toxin secreted by the bacteria Pseudomonas cocovenenans. Bongkrekic acid specific ligand for mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) rather than the electron transport chain. Bongkrekic acid has to cross the mitochondrial inner membrane to produce its inhibitory effect on ADP/ATP transport .
Pipermethystine is an alkaloid that can be isolated from the Kava plant. Pipermethystine decreases HepG2 cell cellular ATP levels, mitochondrialmembrane potential, and induces apoptosis .
Taurodeoxycholate-d6 (sodium salt) is the deuterium labeled Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt[1]. Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt is a bile salt-related anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrialmembrane proteins. Taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) inhibits various inflammatory responses[2]. [2][3].
Anticancer agent 161 (Compound 3b) is a bioactive alkynol with anti-cancer potential. Anticancer agent 161 can trigger autophagy and mitochondrialmembrane potential depletion .
Anticancer agent 14 is a lead compound (IC50: 0.20 to 0.65 μM) that induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and loss of mitochondrialmembrane potential in breast cancer cells.
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone;Mevalolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone is orally active against HMGCR mutation and statin caused myopathy . DL-Mevalonolactone induces inflammation and oxidative stress response with decreased mitochondrialmembrane potential (MMP) and induces mitochondrial swelling [2][4].
TSPO Ligand-Linker Conjugates 1 contains a ligand for translocator protein (TSPO) and a linker, which is used for the synthesis of mitochondria-targeting autophagy-targeting chimera (AUTAC). AUTAC can bind the TSPO on the outer mitochondrialmembrane (OMM) of mitochondria and degrades impaired mitochondria and proteins via mitophagy, and improves mitochondrial activity. TSPO Ligand-Linker Conjugates 1 can be used in mitochondrial dysfunction related research, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and diabetes .
DL-Mevalonolactone-d7 is the deuterium labeled DL-Mevalonolactone. DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone (Mevalonolactone) decreases mitochondrialmembrane potential (∆Ψm), NAD(P)H content and the capacity to retain Ca2+ in the brain, besides inducing mitochondrial swelling[1][2].
Dihydrorhodamine 6G (DHR 6G) is the reduced form of Rhodamine 6G, which is used as fluorescent mitochondrial dye. It is nonfluorescent, but it readily enters most of the cells and is oxidized by oxidative species or by cellular redox systems to the fluorescent rhodamine 6G that accumulates in mitochondrialmembranes. Dihydrorhodamine 6G is useful for detecting reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide .
DL-Mevalonolactone-d3 is the deuterium labeled DL-Mevalonolactone[1]. DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone;Mevalolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone (Mevalonolactone) decreases mitochondrialmembrane potential ( Ψm), NAD(P)H content and the capacity to retain Ca2+ in the brain, besides inducing mitochondrial swelling[2][3].
5-Hydroxydecanoate sodium is a selective ATP-sensitive K + (KATP) channel blocker (IC50 of ~30 μM). 5-Hydroxydecanoate sodium is a substrate for mitochondrial outer membrane acyl-CoA synthetase and has antioxidant activity .
GW604714X is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration supported by pyruvate but not other substrates. GW604714X is a highly specific mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) inhibitor with a Ki <0.1 nM. GW604714X also inhibits L-lactate transport by the plasma membrane monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1), but at concentrations more than 4 orders of magnitude greater than the MPC .
P62-mediated mitophagy inducer (PMI) is a P62-mediated mitophagy activator. P62-mediated mitophagy inducer activates mitochondrialautophagy without recruitment of Parkin or collapse of the mitochondrialmembrane potential and remains active in cells lacking a fully functional PINK1/Parkin pathway. P62-mediated mitophagy inducer serves as a pharmacological tool to study the molecular mechanisms of mitosis, avoiding toxicity and some of the non-specific effects associated with the sudden dissipation of mitochondria lacking membrane potential .
TRAP1-IN-1 (compound 35) is a potent and selective inhibitor of TRAP1，a mitochondrial isoform of Hsp90. TRAP1-IN-1 has >250-fold TRAP1 selectivity over Grp94，and disrupts TRAP1 tetramer stability，induces TRAP1 client protein degradation. TRAP1-IN-1 also inhibits mitochondrial complex I of oxidative phosphorylation OXPHOS，disrupts the mitochondrialmembrane potential，and enhances glycolysis metabolism .
PK-10 is a synergistic antibacterial agent of Fluconazole (HY-B0101) and has strong antifungal activity against a variety of Fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains. PK-10 combined with Fluconazole can inhibit hyphae formation and induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. It further causes damage to mitochondrialmembrane potential, reduces intracellular ATP content, and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction .
Hexokinase (ScHEX1) (EC 2.7.1.1) is a glycolytic enzyme hexokinase that is inhibited by n-acetylglucosamine. Inhibition of Hexokinase (ScHEX1) by n-acetylglucosamine leads to its separation from the mitochondrial outer membrane, resulting in activation of NLRP3 inflammasome .
Milatuzumab (hLL1; MEDI-115) is a humanized anti-CD74 monoclonal antibody. CD74, a integral membrane protein, is associated with the promotion of B-cell growth and survival. Milatuzumab causes free radical oxygen generation, and loss of mitochondrialmembrane potential. Milatuzumaba also decreases CD20/CD74 aggregates and cell adhesion, to lead to cell death .
Sideroxylin is a C-methylated flavone isolated from Callistemon lanceolatus and exerts antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Sideroxylin inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, causing DNA fragmentation, depolarization of the mitochondrialmembrane, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) .
ATTECs Degrader 1 (Compound MT1) is an ATTECs compound. ATTECs Degrader 1 can bind to both the outer mitochondrialmembrane protein (TSPO) and the autophagosome protein LC3B. ATTECs Degrader 1 enhances the degradation of damaged mitochondria by autophagosomes and subsequent autophagic degradation .
Verrucarin A (Muconomycin A), a Type D macrocyclic mycotoxin derived from the pathogen fungus Myrothecium verrucaria, is an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Verrucarin A inhibits growth of leukemia cell lines and activates caspases and apoptosis and inflammatory signaling in macrophages. Verrucarin A effectively increased the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and diminished the phosphorylation of ERK/Akt. Verrucarin A caused cell cycle deregulation through the induction of p21 and p53 .
BTK-IN-9 is a reversible BTK inhibitors with potent antiproliferative activity in mantle cell lymphoma. BTK-IN-9 specifically disturbs mitochondrialmembrane potential and increases reactive oxygen species level in Z138 cells. BTK-IN-9 also induces cell apoptosis in Z138 cells .
UCD38B hydrochloride is a cell permeant, competitive enzymatic uPA inhibitor with an IC50 value of 7 μM. UCD38B hydrochloride targets intracellular uPA causing mistrafficking of uPA into perinuclear mitochondria, reducing the mitochondrialmembrane potential, and followed by the release of apoptotic inducible factor (AIF). UCD38B hydrochloride induces apoptosis .
Ru3 is a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitor. Ru3 induces apoptosisin MCF-7 cells by multiple modes, inclusive of inducing DNA damage, suppressing DNA damage repair, disturbing cell cycle distribution, decreasing the mitochondrialmembrane potential, and increasing the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels .
Lycopodine, a pharmacologically important bioactive component derived from Lycopodium clavatumspores, triggers apoptosis by modulating 5-lipoxygenase, and depolarizing mitochondrialmembrane potential in refractory prostate cancer cells without modulating p53 activity . Lycopodine inhibits proliferation of HeLa cells through induction of apoptosis via caspase-3 activation .
PI3Kα-IN-8 (Compound 9g) is a selective PI3Kα inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.012 μM. PI3Kα-IN-8 increases intracellular reactive oxygen species level, decreases mitochondrialmembrane potential and induces apoptosis .
Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrialmembrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) .
2'-epi-2'-O-Acetylthevetin B (GHSC-74) is a cardiac glycoside that can be isolated from the seeds of Cerbera manghas L. 2'-epi-2'-O-Acetylthevetin B inhibits cell viability, induces apoptosis and loss of mitochondrialmembrane potential in HepG2 cells .
GL0388 is a Bax activator that results in Bax insertion into mitochondrialmembrane. GL0388 shows antiproliferative activities against various cancer cells, with IC50s of 0.299-1.57 μM. GL0388 activates Bax and induce Bax-mediated apoptosis. GL0388 suppresses breast cancer xenograft tumor growth in vivo .
MTX115325 (Example 1) is an orally active, brain-penetrating USP30 inhibitor (IC50=12 nM) with neuroprotective activity. MTX115325 increases ubiquitination (EC50=32 nM) of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein TOM20 (a USP30 substrate), increasing mitophagy. MTX115325 prevents dopaminergic neuron loss and preserves striatal dopamine .
VK-28, a brain-permeable iron chelator, inhibits both basal and Fe/ascorbate-induced mitochondrialmembrane lipid peroxidation, with an IC50 of 12.7 μM. VK-28 exhibits significant neuroprotective effects on ICV-6-OHDA. VK-28 can be used for the research of Parkinson’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases .
2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde) is a natural compound of Cinnamomum cassia, with antitumor activity . 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by mitochondrialmembrane potential (ΔΨm) loss, activation of both caspase-3 and caspase-9 . 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde effectively inhibits platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced HASMC migration .
Nigericin is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that act as a K +/H + ionophore, promoting K +/H + exchange across mitochondrialmembranes. Nigericin shows promising anti-cancer activities through decreasing intracellular pH (pHi), and inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signals. Nigericin induces pyroptosis through caspase 1/GSDMD in TNBC .
Ganoderic acid T1 is a deacetylated derivative of Ganoderic acid T. Ganoderic acid T1 attenuates antioxidant defense system and induces apoptosis of cancer cells. Ganoderic acid T1 decreases mitochondrialmembrane potential and activates caspase-9 and caspase-3, to trigger apoptosis. Ganoderic acid T1 also increases the generation of intracellular ROS to produce pro-oxidant activities and cytotoxicity .
PI3Kα-IN-6 (Compound 5b) is a PI3Kα inhibitor. PI3Kα-IN-6 exhibits anticancer potential and no toxicity in normal cells. PI3Kα-IN-6 increases generation of ROS, reduces mitochondrialmembrane potential (MMP) and induces apoptosis .
PI3Kα-IN-7 (Compound A12) is a potent PI3Kα inhibitor. PI3Kα-IN-7 also inhibits PI3Kβ. PI3Kα-IN-7 decreases cancer cells mitochondrialmembrane potential and induces apoptosis .
Anticancer agent 70 (Compound 21), an anticancer agent, exhibits remarkable cytotoxic activity against numerous human cancer cell lines. Anticancer agent 70 results in the G0/G1-cell cycle arrest with a concomitant increase in p53 and p21 protein levels. Anticancer agent 70 leads to ATP depletion and disruption of the mitochondrialmembrane potential .
PT4 is a therapeutic agent against Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). PT4 is effective against both species of Leishmania, with IC50s of 125.18 and 233.18 μM for L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis, respectively. PT4 decreases of mitochondrialmembrane potential and increases production of reactive oxygen species, which leads to parasite death. PT4 has a potent in vivo anti-inflammatory activity .
Dabuzalgron (Ro 115-1240) is an orally active and selective α-1A adrenergic receptor agonist for the treatment of urinary incontinence. Dabuzalgron protects against Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by preserving mitochondrial function .
Glibenclamide (Glyburide) is an orally active ATP-sensitive K + channel (KATP) inhibitor and can be used for the research of diabetes and obesity . Glibenclamide inhibits P-glycoprotein. Glibenclamide directly binds and blocks the SUR1 subunits of KATP and inhibits the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) . Glibenclamide interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetics by inducing changes on membrane ion permeability . Glibenclamide can induce autophagy .
Topoisomerase II inhibitor 3 (Compound 6 h ) is a acridone derivatives, as well as a Type II DNA topoisomerase (topo II) inhibitor , as a topo IIα/β inhibitor with the value of IC50 is 0.17 μM for topo IIα and the value of IC50 is 0.23 μM for topo IIβ subtypes, caused obvious DNA damage, and induced apoptosis by triggering the loss of mitochondrialmembrane potential .
Taurodeoxycholic acid-d5is the deuterium labeledTaurodeoxycholic acid(HY-B1899) . Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrialmembrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) .
PT-262 is a potent ROCK inhibitor with an IC50 value of around 5 μM. PT-262 induces the loss of mitochondrialmembrane potential and elevates the caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. PT-262 inhibits the ERK and CDC2 phosphorylation via a p53-independent pathway. PT-262 blocks cytoskeleton function and cell migration. PT-262 has anti-cancer activity .
MPT0B392, an orally active quinoline derivative, induces c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, leading to apoptosis. MPT0B392 inhibits tubulin polymerization and triggers induction of the mitotic arrest, followed by mitochondrialmembrane potential loss and caspases cleavage by activation of JNK and ultimately leads to apoptosis. MPT0B392 is demonstrated to be a novel microtubule-depolymerizing agent and enhances the cytotoxicity of sirolimus in sirolimus-resistant acute leukemic cells and the multidrug resistant cell line .
Glyburide-d11 is the deuterium labeled Glibenclamide. Glibenclamide (Glyburide) is an orally active ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) inhibitor and can be used for the research of diabetes and obesity[1]. Glibenclamide inhibits P-glycoprotein. Glibenclamide directly binds and blocks the SUR1 subunits of KATP and inhibits the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR)[3]. Glibenclamide interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetics by inducing changes on membrane ion permeability[4]. Glibenclamide can induce autophagy[5].
Glyburide-d3 is the deuterium labeled Glibenclamide. Glibenclamide (Glyburide) is an orally active ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) inhibitor and can be used for the research of diabetes and obesity[1]. Glibenclamide inhibits P-glycoprotein. Glibenclamide directly binds and blocks the SUR1 subunits of KATP and inhibits the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR)[3]. Glibenclamide interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetics by inducing changes on membrane ion permeability[4]. Glibenclamide can induce autophagy[5].
Monomethyl lithospermate activates the PI3K/AKT pathway, which plays a protective role in nerve injury. Monomethyl lithospermate can improve the survival ability of SHSY-5Y cells, inhibit the breakdown of mitochondrialmembrane potential (MMOP) and inhibit cell apoptosis. Monomethyl lithospermate also reduced the level of oxidative stress in the brain tissue of rats with middle artery occlusion (MCAO) and improved nerve damage in rats with ischemic stroke (IS) .
SB-1295 is an orally active CDK9/T1 inhibitor (IC50=0.17 μM). SB-1295 shows antiproliferative activity in HCT 116 and MIA PaCa-2 cells. SB-1295 also induces MIA PaCa-2 cell death by inducing intracellular ROS production, reducing mitochondrialmembrane potential and inducing apoptosis. SB-1295 has the potential to study cancer .
Hederagenin is a triterpenoid saponin with orally active and antitumor activity. Hederagenin can inhibit the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB in cells induced by LPS stimulation. Hederagenin also increases ROS production in cancer cells, disrupts mitochondrialmembrane potential, and induces apoptosis. Hederagenin also sensitizes cancer cells to Cisplatin (HY-17394) and Paclitaxel (HY-B0015), enhancing induced apoptosis. Hederagenin also has preventive potential against alcoholic liver injury .
Antitumor agent-115 (SS-12) is an effective anti-tumor compound with an IC50 value of 0.34 μM-24.14 μM for cell line 4T1. Antitumor agent-115 can block the cell cycle of mouse breast cancer cell line 4T1, reduce the mitochondrialmembrane potential, and induce apoptosis, and the IC50 value is 8-25 μmol/L for cell viability. Antitumor agent-115 can be used for breast cancer research .
Sulforaphane is an orally active inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. Sulforaphane promotes the transcription of tumor-suppressing proteins and effectively inhibits the activity of HDACs. Through the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and further induction of HO-1 expression, Sulforaphane protects the heart. Sulforaphane suppresses high glucose-induced pancreatic cancer through AMPK-dependent signal transmission. Sulforaphane exhibits both anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties .
(R)-Sulforaphane (L-Sulforaphane) is a orally active, potent inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, exhibiting antioxidant and anticancer activities. (R)-Sulforaphane primarily functions by upregulating phase II detoxifying enzymes in cells, aiding in the removal of carcinogens and combating oxidative stress. (R)-Sulforaphane is capable of modulating gene expression, influencing various signaling pathways, including Nrf2, NF-κB, and AP-1. (R)-Sulforaphane can be used in studies of tumor biology, antioxidant defense mechanisms, as well as inflammation and immune responses .
MSN-50 is a Bax and Bak oligomerization inhibitor. MSN-50 efficiently inhibits liposome permeabilization, prevents genotoxic cell death and promotes neuroprotection .
Paris saponin VII (Chonglou Saponin VII) is a steroidal saponin isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Trillium tschonoskii. Paris saponin VII-induced apoptosis in K562/ADR cells is associated with Akt/MAPK and the inhibition of P-gp. Paris saponin VII attenuates mitochondrialmembrane potential, increases the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, such as Bax and cytochrome c, and decreases the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP-1, and p-Akt. Paris saponin VII induces a robust autophagy in K562/ADR cells and provides a biochemical basis in the treatment of leukemia .
Bid BH3 (80-99) is a biological active peptide. (BID is a pro-apoptotic member of the 'BH3-only' (BOPS) subset of the BCL-2 family of proteins that constitute a critical control point in apoptosis. Bid is the first of the BOPs reported to bind and activate Bcl-2, Bax, and Bak. Bid serves as a death-inducing ligand that moves from the cytosol to the mitochondrialmembrane to inactivate Bcl-2 or to activate Bax.Pyroglutamyl (pGlu) peptides may spontaneously form when either Glutamine (Q) or Glutamic acid (E) is located at the sequence N-terminus. The conversion of Q or E to pGlu is a natural occurrence and in general it is believed that the hydrophobic γ-lactam ring of pGlu may play a role in peptide stability against gastrointestinal proteases. Pyroglutamyl peptides are therefore considered a normal subset of such peptides and are included as part of the peptide purity during HPLC analysis.)
Normal mitochondrial function is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis because mitochondria produce ATP and are the major intracellular source of free radicals. Cellular dysfunctions induced by intracellular or extracellular insults converge on mitochondria and induce a sudden increase in permeability on the inner mitochondrialmembrane, the so-called mitochondrialmembrane permeability transition (MMPT). MMPT is caused by the opening of pores in the inner mitochondrialmembrane, matrix swelling, and outer membrane rupture. The MMPT is an endpoint to initiate cell death because the pore opening together with the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c activates the apoptotic pathway of caspases.
The normal operation of mitochondrial function is important for maintaining normal cell death and treatment of mitochondrial diseases. MCE offers a unique collection of 583 compounds with identified and potential mitochondrial protective activity. MCE Mitochondrial Protection Compound Library is critical for drug discovery and development.
DiSC3(5) is a fluorescent probe commonly used as a tracer dye to evaluate mitochondrialmembrane potential. The excitation/emission wavelength of DiSC3(5) is up to 622/670 nm. DiSC3(5) can inhibit the respiratory system associated with mitochondrial NAD, and the IC50 value is 8 μM. DiSC3(5) in the presence of Na +/K +-ATPase inhibitor ouabain 2 can induce membrane hyperpolarization of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells .
Mito-Tracker Green is a green fluorescent dye that selectively accumulates in the mitochondrial matrix. MitoTracker Green FM covalently binds mitochondrial proteins by reacting with free mercaptan of cysteine residues, allowing staining of mitochondrialmembrane potential independent of membrane potential. Excitation/emission wavelength 490/523 nm.
JC-1 (CBIC2) is an ideal fluorescent probe widely used to detect mitochondrialmembrane potential. JC-1 accumulates in mitochondria in a potential dependent manner and can be used to detect the membrane potential of cells, tissues or purified mitochondria. In normal mitochondria, JC-1 aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix to form a polymer, which emits strong red fluorescence (Ex=585nm, Em=590nm); When the mitochondrialmembrane potential is low, JC-1 cannot aggregate in the matrix of mitochondria and produce green fluorescence (ex=514nm, em=529nm) .
MitoTracker Orange CMTMRos is a fluorescent dye that labels mitochondria within live cells utilizing the mitochondrialmembrane potential (Ex/Em: 551/576 nm) .
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
Rhodamine dyes are membrane-permeable cationic fluorescent probes that specifically recognize mitochondrialmembrane potentials, thereby attaching to mitochondria and producing bright fluorescence, and at certain concentrations, rhodamine dyes have low toxicity to cells, so they are commonly used to detect mitochondria in animal cells, plant cells, and microorganisms .
POPSO is a zwitterionic buffer, increases osmolality and shows marked inhibition of anion uniport. POPSO inhibits chloride uniport with an IC50 value of 24 mM. POPSO enhances copper uptake and toxicity in alga, impairs mitochondrial inner membrane. The working pH range of POPSO sesquisodium salt is 7.2-8.5 .
KLA peptide is a biological active peptide. (a cationic amphipathic mitochondrialmembrane disrupting peptide that induces programmed cell death by disrupting mitochondrialmembrane, but cannot cross the plasma
membrane)
Pezadeftide is a potent antifungal peptide. Pezadeftide can enter fungal cells and cause a rapid mitochondrial response that results in hyperpolarization of the mitochondrialmembrane .
Smac-N7 peptide, the seven N-terminal amino acid of the mitochondrial protein Smac (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase), cannot pass through the cell membrane .
Bid BH3 (80-99) is a biological active peptide. (BID is a pro-apoptotic member of the 'BH3-only' (BOPS) subset of the BCL-2 family of proteins that constitute a critical control point in apoptosis. Bid is the first of the BOPs reported to bind and activate Bcl-2, Bax, and Bak. Bid serves as a death-inducing ligand that moves from the cytosol to the mitochondrialmembrane to inactivate Bcl-2 or to activate Bax.Pyroglutamyl (pGlu) peptides may spontaneously form when either Glutamine (Q) or Glutamic acid (E) is located at the sequence N-terminus. The conversion of Q or E to pGlu is a natural occurrence and in general it is believed that the hydrophobic γ-lactam ring of pGlu may play a role in peptide stability against gastrointestinal proteases. Pyroglutamyl peptides are therefore considered a normal subset of such peptides and are included as part of the peptide purity during HPLC analysis.)
MCE JC-1 MitochondrialMembrane Potential Assay Kit uses JC-1 to detect the mitochondrialmembrane potential in variety of cell types, as well as intact tissues and isolated mitochondria.
Milatuzumab (hLL1; MEDI-115) is a humanized anti-CD74 monoclonal antibody. CD74, a integral membrane protein, is associated with the promotion of B-cell growth and survival. Milatuzumab causes free radical oxygen generation, and loss of mitochondrialmembrane potential. Milatuzumaba also decreases CD20/CD74 aggregates and cell adhesion, to lead to cell death .
Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt is a bile salt-related anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrialmembrane proteins. Taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) inhibits various inflammatory responses
.
Tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA) is a trihydroxylated bile acid. Tauro-β-muricholic acid is a competitive and reversible FXR antagonist (IC50 = 40 μM). Tauro-β-muricholic acid has antiapoptotic effect. Tauro-β-muricholic acid inhibits bile acid-induced hepatocellular apoptosis by maintaining the mitochondrialmembrane potential .
Pipernonaline is a piperine derivative with antiprostate cancer activity. Pipernonaline inhibits the proliferation of androgen-dependent/independent LNCaP/PC-3 prostate cells. Pipernonaline activates caspase-3 and promotes procaspase-3/PARP cleavage. Pipernonaline also mediates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, increased intracellular Ca(2+), and mitochondrialmembrane depolarization .
Pipermethystine is an alkaloid that can be isolated from the Kava plant. Pipermethystine decreases HepG2 cell cellular ATP levels, mitochondrialmembrane potential, and induces apoptosis .
DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone;Mevalolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone is orally active against HMGCR mutation and statin caused myopathy . DL-Mevalonolactone induces inflammation and oxidative stress response with decreased mitochondrialmembrane potential (MMP) and induces mitochondrial swelling [2][4].
Sideroxylin is a C-methylated flavone isolated from Callistemon lanceolatus and exerts antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Sideroxylin inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, causing DNA fragmentation, depolarization of the mitochondrialmembrane, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) .
2'-epi-2'-O-Acetylthevetin B (GHSC-74) is a cardiac glycoside that can be isolated from the seeds of Cerbera manghas L. 2'-epi-2'-O-Acetylthevetin B inhibits cell viability, induces apoptosis and loss of mitochondrialmembrane potential in HepG2 cells .
2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde (o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde) is a natural compound of Cinnamomum cassia, with antitumor activity . 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by mitochondrialmembrane potential (ΔΨm) loss, activation of both caspase-3 and caspase-9 . 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde effectively inhibits platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced HASMC migration .
Ganoderic acid T1 is a deacetylated derivative of Ganoderic acid T. Ganoderic acid T1 attenuates antioxidant defense system and induces apoptosis of cancer cells. Ganoderic acid T1 decreases mitochondrialmembrane potential and activates caspase-9 and caspase-3, to trigger apoptosis. Ganoderic acid T1 also increases the generation of intracellular ROS to produce pro-oxidant activities and cytotoxicity .
Monomethyl lithospermate activates the PI3K/AKT pathway, which plays a protective role in nerve injury. Monomethyl lithospermate can improve the survival ability of SHSY-5Y cells, inhibit the breakdown of mitochondrialmembrane potential (MMOP) and inhibit cell apoptosis. Monomethyl lithospermate also reduced the level of oxidative stress in the brain tissue of rats with middle artery occlusion (MCAO) and improved nerve damage in rats with ischemic stroke (IS) .
Hederagenin is a triterpenoid saponin with orally active and antitumor activity. Hederagenin can inhibit the expression of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB in cells induced by LPS stimulation. Hederagenin also increases ROS production in cancer cells, disrupts mitochondrialmembrane potential, and induces apoptosis. Hederagenin also sensitizes cancer cells to Cisplatin (HY-17394) and Paclitaxel (HY-B0015), enhancing induced apoptosis. Hederagenin also has preventive potential against alcoholic liver injury .
Sulforaphane is an orally active inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway. Sulforaphane promotes the transcription of tumor-suppressing proteins and effectively inhibits the activity of HDACs. Through the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway and further induction of HO-1 expression, Sulforaphane protects the heart. Sulforaphane suppresses high glucose-induced pancreatic cancer through AMPK-dependent signal transmission. Sulforaphane exhibits both anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties .
(R)-Sulforaphane (L-Sulforaphane) is a orally active, potent inducer of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway, exhibiting antioxidant and anticancer activities. (R)-Sulforaphane primarily functions by upregulating phase II detoxifying enzymes in cells, aiding in the removal of carcinogens and combating oxidative stress. (R)-Sulforaphane is capable of modulating gene expression, influencing various signaling pathways, including Nrf2, NF-κB, and AP-1. (R)-Sulforaphane can be used in studies of tumor biology, antioxidant defense mechanisms, as well as inflammation and immune responses .
Paris saponin VII (Chonglou Saponin VII) is a steroidal saponin isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Trillium tschonoskii. Paris saponin VII-induced apoptosis in K562/ADR cells is associated with Akt/MAPK and the inhibition of P-gp. Paris saponin VII attenuates mitochondrialmembrane potential, increases the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, such as Bax and cytochrome c, and decreases the protein expression levels of Bcl-2, caspase-9, caspase-3, PARP-1, and p-Akt. Paris saponin VII induces a robust autophagy in K562/ADR cells and provides a biochemical basis in the treatment of leukemia .
ATP5J2 protein is a component of mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (complex V), which uses the proton gradient established by the respiratory chain electron transport complex to help ADP synthesize ATP. ATP5J2 is located in the F(0) domain as a small subunit and cooperates with subunit a in the membrane. ATP5J2 Protein, Human (Cell-Free, His) is the recombinant human-derived ATP5J2 protein, expressed by E. coli Cell-free , with N-10*His labeled tag. The total length of ATP5J2 Protein, Human (Cell-Free, His) is 94 a.a., with molecular weight of 12.4 kDa.
The TIM-14 protein is an important component of the PAM complex and is required for the transport of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane to the mitochondrial matrix using ATP. TIM-14 Protein, S.cerevisiae is the recombinant TIM-14 protein, expressed by E. coli , with tag free. The total length of TIM-14 Protein, S.cerevisiae is 70 a.a., with molecular weight of ~9.0 kDa.
TIM-16 protein is an important component of the PAM complex, which uses ATP to promote the transfer of transit peptide-containing proteins from the inner membrane to the mitochondrial matrix. TIM-16 Protein, S. cerevisiae is the recombinant TIM-16 protein, expressed by E. coli , with tag free. The total length of TIM-16 Protein, S. cerevisiae is 66 a.a., with molecular weight of ~11.0 kDa.
ATP5MG Protein, an essential part of mitochondrial membrane ATP synthase (Complex V), facilitates ATP generation from ADP using the proton gradient established by respiratory chain electron transport complexes. Positioned within the F(0) domain as a minor subunit alongside subunit a, ATP5MG collaborates with various subunits in the overall F-type ATPase complex, including CF(1) and CF(0), to ensure efficient ATP synthesis. ATP5MG Protein, Bovine (Myc, His) is the recombinant bovine-derived ATP5MG protein, expressed by E. coli , with N-His, C-Myc labeled tag. The total length of ATP5MG Protein, Bovine (Myc, His) is 102 a.a., with molecular weight of ~18.7 kDa.
SLC25A46 is a mitochondrial outer membrane transmembrane protein that critically regulates mitochondrial organization by affecting the MICOS complex and participating in mitochondrial cristae biogenesis. Its association with EMC suggests involvement in mitochondrial lipid homeostasis and fission. SLC25A46 Protein, Human (Sf9, His, MBP, FLAG) is the recombinant human-derived SLC25A46 protein, expressed by Sf9 insect cells , with N-MBP, C-Flag, N-8*His labeled tag. The total length of SLC25A46 Protein, Human (Sf9, His, MBP, FLAG) is 417 a.a., .
Bongkrekic acid-13C28 is the C13 labeled Bongkrekic acid. Bongkrekic acid is a mitochondrial toxin secreted by the bacteria Pseudomonas cocovenenans. Bongkrekic acid specific ligand for mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) rather than the electron transport chain. Bongkrekic acid has to cross the mitochondrial inner membrane to produce its inhibitory effect on ADP/ATP transport .
DL-Mevalonolactone-d7 is the deuterium labeled DL-Mevalonolactone. DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone (Mevalonolactone) decreases mitochondrialmembrane potential (∆Ψm), NAD(P)H content and the capacity to retain Ca2+ in the brain, besides inducing mitochondrial swelling[1][2].
Taurodeoxycholic acid-d5is the deuterium labeledTaurodeoxycholic acid(HY-B1899) . Taurodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, stabilizes the mitochondrialmembrane, decreases free radical formation. Taurodeoxycholic acid inhibits apoptosis by blocking a calcium-mediated apoptotic pathway as well as caspase-12 activation. Taurodeoxycholic acid exhibits neuroprotective effect in 3-nitropropionic acid induced mouse model or genetic mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) .
Taurodeoxycholate-d6 (sodium salt) is the deuterium labeled Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt[1]. Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt is a bile salt-related anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrialmembrane proteins. Taurodeoxycholate (TDCA) inhibits various inflammatory responses[2]. [2][3].
DL-Mevalonolactone-d3 is the deuterium labeled DL-Mevalonolactone[1]. DL-Mevalonolactone ((±)-Mevalonolactone;Mevalolactone) is the δ-lactone form of mevalonic acid, a precursor in the mevalonate pathway. DL-Mevalonolactone (Mevalonolactone) decreases mitochondrialmembrane potential ( Ψm), NAD(P)H content and the capacity to retain Ca2+ in the brain, besides inducing mitochondrial swelling[2][3].
Glyburide-d11 is the deuterium labeled Glibenclamide. Glibenclamide (Glyburide) is an orally active ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) inhibitor and can be used for the research of diabetes and obesity[1]. Glibenclamide inhibits P-glycoprotein. Glibenclamide directly binds and blocks the SUR1 subunits of KATP and inhibits the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR)[3]. Glibenclamide interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetics by inducing changes on membrane ion permeability[4]. Glibenclamide can induce autophagy[5].
Glyburide-d3 is the deuterium labeled Glibenclamide. Glibenclamide (Glyburide) is an orally active ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) inhibitor and can be used for the research of diabetes and obesity[1]. Glibenclamide inhibits P-glycoprotein. Glibenclamide directly binds and blocks the SUR1 subunits of KATP and inhibits the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR)[3]. Glibenclamide interferes with mitochondrial bioenergetics by inducing changes on membrane ion permeability[4]. Glibenclamide can induce autophagy[5].
Alkyne-phenol (Alk-Ph) is a clickable ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APEX2) probe. Alkyne-phenol substantially improves APEX-labeling efficiency in intact yeast cells, as it is more cell wall-permeant than APEX2 substrate biotin-phenol (BP). Alkyne-phenol also facilitates the identification of APEX-labeling sites, allowing the unambiguous assignment of membrane topology of mitochondrial proteins . Alkyne-phenol is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
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